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<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#2" height="324" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="1999" uniqueID="element868" x="194" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">PARTE I.&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">MARCO CONCEPTUAL DE LA FINCA INTEGRAL</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">A. &#160; &#160; Aspectos generales</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">La &quot;finca integral&quot; es una unidad de producci&#243;n sustentable de bienes y servicios, organizada en torno al n&#250;cleo familiar, que permite el desarrollo socioecon&#243;mico y cultural de los finqueros, y en la cual se conserva los recursos naturales.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">En una finca integral, se diversifica la fuente de ingresos, los ingresos son permanentes, se reduce los impactos ambientales negativos, se mejora y aplica tecnolog&#237;a tradicional y se adapta, aplica y desarrolla nueva tecnolog&#237;a.</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#2-1" height="288" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="2253" uniqueID="element869" x="194" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">B. &#160; &#160; Ordenamiento de la finca integral</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Para implementar una finca integral, es necesario efectuar el ordenamiento de la finca. En el ordenamiento, para las &#225;reas con sus respectivos tipos de uso (bosque - primario, secundario y plantado -, barbecho, &#225;rea silvoagr&#237;cola, &#225;rea silvopastoril, &#225;rea de ganader&#237;a menor, &#225;rea hort&#237;cola y &#225;rea con infraestructura), se identifica el uso potencial (tipo de uso adecuado).</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Al determinar el uso potencial, el finquero sabe qu&#233; puede hacer en su finca, es decir, cu&#225;les son las alternativas de producci&#243;n que tiene. Adem&#225;s sabe, d&#243;nde puede hacer (lugar en la finca) y qu&#233; extensi&#243;n (superficie) puede utilizar.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">De las alternativas de producci&#243;n, el finquero debe seleccionar, en base a la consideraci&#243;n de aspectos ecol&#243;gicos, socioecon&#243;micos, socioculturales y de comercializaci&#243;n, aquellas que establecer&#225; en su finca. El finquero tambi&#233;n debe determinar desde cu&#225;ndo y hasta cu&#225;ndo establecer&#225; la alternativa seleccionada, y despu&#233;s de qu&#233; y antes de qu&#233; otra alternativa lo har&#225;.</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#4-8" height="396" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="4145" uniqueID="element874" x="194" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">A. &#160; &#160; Descripci&#243;n del m&#243;dulo</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1. &#160; &#160; Especie principal</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Pimienta (Piper nigrum).</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">2. &#160; &#160; &#160;Especie asociada</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">3. &#160; &#160; &#160;Especie de apoyo ecol&#243;gico</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160;Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium).</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Flemingia (Flemingia macrophylla).</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">4. &#160; &#160; &#160;Sistema</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Silvo Agr&#237;cola.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">En una hect&#225;rea se plantan 2.000 pl&#225;ntulas de pimienta, cada una tiene un &#225;rbol de gliricidia como tutor vivo. Para control de malezas y como abono verde se plantan 4.000 flemingias entre las filas de la pimienta</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">(Ver croquis D.4).</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">5. &#160; &#160; &#160;Situaci&#243;n / Sitio</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Zona baja - suelos buenos. Provincia de Sucumb&#237;os.</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#4-9" height="54" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="4053" uniqueID="element911" x="194" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">PARTE II.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">MODULO AGROFORESTAL</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#2-2" height="510" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="2610" uniqueID="element914" x="194" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">C. &#160; &#160; Criterios para selecci&#243;n de&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;alternativas de producci&#243;n</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1. &#160; &#160; Aspectos ecol&#243;gicos</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">En el marco del ordenamiento de la finca, una alternativa se selecciona desde el punto de vista ecol&#243;gico, cuando las especies y variedades a ser manejadas, son las adecuadas para :</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph padding-top="2" padding-left="39" paintable-style="bullet_list" style="bullet_list" align="justify" padding-bottom="1" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">el clima de la zona,</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph padding-top="2" padding-left="39" paintable-style="bullet_list" style="bullet_list" align="justify" padding-bottom="1" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">el microclima local y&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph padding-top="2" padding-left="39" paintable-style="bullet_list" style="bullet_list" align="justify" padding-bottom="1" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">el suelo y la topograf&#237;a de la finca.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">2. &#160; &#160; Aspectos socioecon&#243;micos</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">La alternativa de producci&#243;n seleccionada debe tener sostenibilidad econ&#243;mica cuando sea establecida y debe estar adecuada a las condiciones sociales del n&#250;cleo familiar y su entorno. 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<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#2-3" height="549" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="3305" uniqueID="element915" x="194" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">3. &#160; &#160; Aspectos socioculturales</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Para seleccionar una alternativa desde el punto de vista sociocultural, principalmente cuando dicha alternativa requiere la utilizaci&#243;n de nuevas especies, variedades y t&#233;cnicas, es importante conocer si el finquero:</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph padding-top="2" padding-left="39" paintable-style="bullet_list" style="bullet_list" align="justify" padding-bottom="1" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">est&#225; 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?&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph padding-top="2" padding-left="39" paintable-style="bullet_list" style="bullet_list" align="justify" padding-bottom="1" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">puede llegar con su producto f&#225;cilmente al mercado ?</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph padding-top="2" padding-left="39" paintable-style="bullet_list" style="bullet_list" align="justify" padding-bottom="1" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">los precios del mercado de los productos que obtendr&#225;, permiten obtener utilidad ?</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph padding-top="2" padding-left="39" paintable-style="bullet_list" style="bullet_list" align="justify" padding-bottom="1" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">es capaz de desarrollar canales de comercializaci&#243;n (especialmente cuando se trata de productos nuevos) ?</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">E. &#160; &#160; M&#243;dulos agroforestales</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Para la planificaci&#243;n detallada de producci&#243;n y conservaci&#243;n de la finca integral, PROFORS y CODESO proponen las siguientes alternativas de producci&#243;n, en la forma de &quot;m&#243;dulos agroforestales&quot;:</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
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<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#6" height="217" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="12887" uniqueID="element876" x="216" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">E. &#160; &#160; Manejo del m&#243;dulo</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1. &#160; &#160; Manejo de la pimienta</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1.1 &#160; &#160; Deshierbas</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Se deshierba selectivamente a machete, evitando herir el tallo de la gliricidia y pimienta. La frecuencia de deshierbas depende de la agresividad de las plantas silvestres (al inicio 3 o 4 rozas por a&#241;o).&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Adem&#225;s, recomienda arrancar las hierbas agresivas con sus ra&#237;ces y dejar leguminosas rastreras naturales, las cuales fijan nitr&#243;geno atmosf&#233;rico y lo incorporan al sistema, a m&#225;s de dar cobertura al suelo en la forma de un mulch vivo.</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#10" height="469" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="13634" uniqueID="element877" x="197" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1.2 &#160; &#160; Podas</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1.2.1 &#160; &#160; Poda de formaci&#243;n</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">La pimienta necesita una poda de formaci&#243;n, destinada a favorecer el desarrollo de las ramas laterales para reforzar el tallo principal. Las flores y los frutos aparecen solamente en las ramas laterales. Por este motivo deben ser tomadas medidas que favorezcan la formaci&#243;n dichas ramas. Sin poda de formaci&#243;n, la pimienta es m&#225;s precoz, pero su rendimiento y longevidad es menor.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Generalmente la pimienta desarrolla 3 tallos (a, b y c). La primera poda se efect&#250;a cuando el tallo principal a tiene 8 - 10 nudos, para dejar solamente 2 nudos (con un corte a 15 - 20 cm del suelo). Despu&#233;s se practica la misma poda sobre los tallos secundarios b y c. Cada vez que los tallos desarrollan 8 - 10 nudos deben ser podados para dejar solamente 3 o 4 nudos por encima del corte anterior. Esta pr&#225;ctica se repite alternadamente en los tallos a, b y c, hasta que la planta alcance una altura aproximada de 1,80 m, despu&#233;s de 5 - 6 podas.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Despu&#233;s de cada poda de formaci&#243;n, hay que amarrar sucesivamente los tallos principales al tutor.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1.2.2 &#160; &#160; Poda de mantenimiento</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Para impedir el crecimiento en altura y favorecer la formaci&#243;n de ramas fruct&#237;feras, se poda la yema terminal del tallo principal, la altura de la pimienta debe ser mantenida siempre por debajo del mu&#241;&#243;n de poda de la gliricidia, el cual debe estar a una altura de aproximadamente 2m. Al mismo tiempo se elimina todas las ramas y hojas enfermas y muertas.</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#11-2" height="163" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="14630" uniqueID="element878" x="197" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">F. &#160; &#160; Principales plagas y enfermedades&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">A pesar que para algunas de estas plagas y enfermedades existen plaguicidas qu&#237;micos, en el marco de este documento se opt&#243; por describir principalmente m&#233;todos y t&#233;cnicas naturales para su control.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1. &#160; &#160; Principales plagas y enfermedades&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;del del caf&#233; robusta&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1.1 &#160; &#160; Principales plagas</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#17" height="541" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="14887" uniqueID="element879" x="197" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160;Plagas</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Nem&#225;todos (Meloidogyne javonica, Radopholus similes, Heterodera marioni y Hetrodera radicicula).</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">S&#237;ntomas/da&#241;os</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Malformaciones de toda la planta que favorecen la entrada de hongos. La infecci&#243;n empieza por las ra&#237;ces.Baja significativamente la producci&#243;n.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Control</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Mejorar el drenaje y la ventilaci&#243;n del suelo, colocar cobertura muerta (mulch), incorporar plantas nematizidas (Eupatorium odoratum, Pueraria phasoloides, Desmodium trifolium y Crotalaria spectabilis).</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">--------------------</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Plagas</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Gusano cach&#243;n (Panacea sp.)</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">S&#237;ntomas/da&#241;os</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Defoliaci&#243;n parcial.Baja el crecimiento de plantas en vivero.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Control</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Aplicar insecticida casero.Ingredientes: 500 g de aj&#237; y 200 g de jab&#243;n natural. Preparaci&#243;n: Moler y filtrar el aj&#237;, agregar el jab&#243;n diluido, mezclar en 50 litros de agua. Fumigar cada 5 d&#237;as cuando el ataque es severo.&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">-----------------</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#20-2" height="67" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="15489" uniqueID="element880" x="197" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="10" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; Elaborado por CODESO (Nueva Loja/98</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="10" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1.2 &#160; &#160; Principales enfermedades</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#21" height="46" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="16857" uniqueID="element881" x="197" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="10" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; * En caso de ataques fuertes aplicar caldo b&#243;rdeles (cal m&#225;s sulfato de cobre)</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="10" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="10" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; Elaborado por CODESO (Nueva Loja 98)</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#37-4" height="415" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="10947" uniqueID="element882" x="197" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">2. &#160; &#160; Preparaci&#243;n del terreno</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">2.1 &#160; &#160; Limpieza</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Para el establecimiento del presente m&#243;dulo es necesario efectuar una roza para eliminar toda la vegetaci&#243;n existente en el &#225;rea.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">2.2 &#160; &#160; Balizada</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Se procede a se&#241;alar los sitios definitivos donde se plantar&#225; la pimienta junto con la gliricidia; para lo cual se coloca estacas de madera alineadas utilizando una piola, en las distancias indicadas a continuaci&#243;n (ver croquis D.4).</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Distancias:</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183; &#160; &#160; &#160;La pimienta y la gliricidia: 2,5 m entre hileras y 2 m entre plantas (densidad de 2.000 plantas/ha).</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183; &#160; &#160; La flemingia: 2,5 m entre hileras y de 1 m entre plantas (densidad de 4.000 plantas/ha). Se coloca una hilera de flemingia entre 2 hileras de pimienta /gliricidia.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">En terrenos con pendiente se recomienda plantar en curvas de nivel. El dise&#241;o de la plantaci&#243;n debe ser triangular. La orientaci&#243;n de las hileras en terrenos planos debe ser de oriente a occidente para mejorar el aprovechamiento del sol.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#45" height="306" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="5556" uniqueID="element883" x="194" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">B. &#160; &#160; Productos</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1. &#160; &#160; Usos</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">La pimienta es la especia m&#225;s usada como condimento. Se utiliza la pimienta negra (seca) y tambi&#233;n el aceite esencial en la industria alimenticia y farmac&#233;utica, y en perfumer&#237;a.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">La materia org&#225;nica proveniente de la poda de la flemingia y gliricidia o el detritus que naturalmente cae, se usa como abono verde para los cultivos.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">2. &#160; &#160; Productos de autoconsumo</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Una peque&#241;a cantidad de la producci&#243;n de pimienta es consumida en la finca como condimento.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">3. &#160; &#160; Productos de venta</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Del m&#243;dulo se obtiene para la venta pimienta negra (frutos cosechados verdes y secos).</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#46" height="271" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="9471" uniqueID="element884" x="197" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">D. &#160; &#160; Establecimiento del modulo</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1. &#160; &#160; &#160; Propagaci&#243;n</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1.1 &#160; &#160; Propagaci&#243;n de la pimienta</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">La pimienta se puede propagar por semillas (GEILFUS, F. 1989), pero los mejores resultados se obtiene de la multiplicaci&#243;n por acodo (estolones), para lo cual se utiliza ramas bajas laterales de m&#225;s de 40 cm de largo provenientes de plantas madres vigorosas y productivas. Cada rama debe atravesar una peque&#241;a funda de polietileno (8 x 4 cm) llena de tierra preparada y perforada en la base. Dos nudos de la rama deben quedar dentro de la funda.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Despu&#233;s de aproximadamente 4 semanas, la rama enfundada habr&#225; enraizado y podr&#225; ser separada de la planta madre. La nueva planta deber&#225; permanecer de 7 a 15 d&#237;as en un lugar sombreado, antes de ser transplantada al lugar definitivo.</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#47" height="144" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="5932" uniqueID="element885" x="194" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">C. &#160; &#160; &#160;Requerimientos del m&#243;dulo</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1. &#160; &#160; &#160;Requerimientos ecol&#243;gicos</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1.1 &#160; &#160; &#160;Clima</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">La pimienta, la gliricidia y la flemingia se desarrollan en un clima c&#225;lido h&#250;medo bajo las siguientes conclusiones.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#48" height="108" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="6183" uniqueID="element886" x="372" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="115" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Precipitaci&#243;n</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">De 2.000 a 4.000 mm anuales.</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#50" height="108" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="6182" uniqueID="element887" x="492" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="100" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Temperatura</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">De 25 a 30 C</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">promedio anual.</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#51" height="127" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="6335" uniqueID="element888" x="492" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="115" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Viento</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">La pimienta es susceptible.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#52" height="111" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="6350" uniqueID="element889" x="372" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="115" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Humedad relativa</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">De 80 a 90%</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">promedio anual.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#53" height="111" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="6485" uniqueID="element890" x="492" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="115" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Altitud</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">De 0 a 400 m.s.n.m.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#54" height="180" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="6485" uniqueID="element891" x="372" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="115" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Luminosidad</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Pimienta: sombra ligera.Gliricidia y flemingia: plena exposici&#243;n solar.</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#55" height="699" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="6730" uniqueID="element892" x="197" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="10" href="" link_target="">&#160; Elaborado por CODESO (Nueva Loja/98)</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="10" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1.2 &#160; &#160; &#160;Suelo</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1.2.1 &#160; &#160; &#160;Textura&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">La textura de los suelos buenos de la zona baja var&#237;a entre franco a franco limosa, condici&#243;n en la cual las especies del m&#243;dulo producen bien. Los suelos no deben tener impedimentos f&#237;sicos como arcilla y pizarras.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1.2.2 &#160; &#160; pH&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">El pH de los suelos buenos en la zona baja es de 5,5 - 6, es decir ligeramente &#225;cido. En este rango de pH, las especies del m&#243;dulo producen favorablemente, aunque el pH ideal para la pimienta es de 5,5 - 6,5.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1.2.3 &#160; &#160; Fertilidad</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Los suelos buenos de la zona baja, est&#225;n caracterizados por un alto contenido de materia org&#225;nica, nutrientes y una alta capacidad de intercambio cati&#243;nico.&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Para mantener la fertilidad del suelo, se utiliza la gliricidia y flemingia, las cuales enriquecen el suelo con nitr&#243;geno. De las podas peri&#243;dicas de gliricidia y flemingia, se obtiene materia org&#225;nica, que podr&#225; ser utilizada como abono para la pimienta.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1.2.4 &#160; &#160; Drenaje y capa fre&#225;tica</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Las especies del m&#243;dulo requieren un suelo bien drenado; sobre todo la pimienta, la cual es susceptible al encharcamiento. Los suelos buenos de la zona baja, por su textura tienen buen drenaje y son profundos. 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<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#49-2" height="576" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="7511" uniqueID="element893" x="197" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Inversiones:&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">alcanzan un valor de 750 US$, que incluye:</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">- Secadora. *</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">- Bodega. *</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">- Bomba de fumigar. *</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">- Balanza. *</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; 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Las herramientas y materiales demandan un gasto de 109 US$.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="left" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">El total de los costos de inversi&#243;n, establecimiento, manejo, cosecha y postcosecha, y costos indirectos suman 17.474 US$.</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#56" height="739" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="8666" uniqueID="element894" x="197" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">2.2 &#160; &#160; Mano de obra</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Todas las actividades que requiere el m&#243;dulo pueden ser ejecutadas por los miembros de la familia (cinco miembros), para lo cual una persona debe estar capacitada en el manejo de esta especie.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">La capacitaci&#243;n necesaria ofrece:</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183; &#160; &#160; Corporaci&#243;n para el Desarrollo Sostenible - CODESO.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183; &#160; &#160; Greenpex Ltda.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">(Direcciones ver cap&#237;tulo L. 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&#160; &#160; Llevar un registro de las actividades realizadas: deshierbas, podas, rendimiento, cosecha y ventas.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183; &#160; &#160; Llevar una contabilidad simple mediante un libro de caja en donde se anote los ingresos, egresos y el saldo.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183; &#160; &#160; Abrir una cuenta de ahorros</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#57" height="105" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="8131" uniqueID="element895" x="194" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="10" href="" link_target="">* En el c&#225;lculo de la inversi&#243;n, se considera una quinta parte del valor de la secadora, bodega y bomba de fumigar, pues pueden ser utilizadas tambi&#233;n para otros productos de la finca. El costo de la bodega se puede reducir utilizando materiales de la finca, y el costo de las plantas puede ser menor si se produce en la finca.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="10" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="10" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="10" href="" link_target="">Elaborado por CODESO (Nueva Loja/98)</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#76" height="468" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="5018" uniqueID="element896" x="194" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">6. &#160; &#160; Observaciones generales del m&#243;dulo</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">El cultivo de la pimienta es conocido en la zona, pero la asociaci&#243;n con gliricidia y flemingia es nueva. En la finca Ana (v&#237;a Nueva Loja - Shushufindi, Km 49) hay una parcela de pimienta con tutores vivos de gliricidia, y flemingia que sombra al sistema.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">La pimienta prefiere suelos profundos y f&#233;rtiles. A trav&#233;s de la incorporaci&#243;n de dos leguminosas (gliricidia y flemingia) se mantiene la fertilidad de los suelos, pues estas especies aportan materia org&#225;nica y nitr&#243;geno.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Seg&#250;n el grado de madurez de las bayas y el proceso de postcosecha, la pimienta se comercializa como pimienta negra, blanca o verde. En el presente m&#243;dulo se recomienda producir solamente la pimienta negra, porque es el producto m&#225;s conocido y m&#225;s aceptado en el mercado local.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">La pimienta tiene una vida &#250;til de 12 a 15 a&#241;os (el flujo de caja se ha calculado solamente para 10 a&#241;os).</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">El m&#243;dulo est&#225; dise&#241;ado para una hect&#225;rea, aunque como componente de una finca integral, es econ&#243;micamente viable establecerlo en extensiones que var&#237;an de 0,5 ha a 2 ha.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">La inversi&#243;n para el establecimiento del m&#243;dulo es alta, pero el sistema tiene una buena rentabilidad.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Nota: Todos los valores se calcularon y transformaron en d&#243;lares (USD) en marzo &#180;98. En la presente versi&#243;n se utiliz&#243; el tipo de cambio del 01.01.01 de 1 US$/ USD.&#160;</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#59" height="18" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="8611" uniqueID="element897" x="356" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="315" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="center" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="8" href="" link_target="">Pimienta negra y gengibre &#160; &#160; &#160; Foto: CODESO</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="10pt" href="" link_target="">&#160;</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#64" height="73" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="9809" uniqueID="element898" x="197" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1.2 &#160; &#160; Propagaci&#243;n de la gliricidia&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">La propagaci&#243;n de la gliricidia se hace por estacas, cortadas a bisel, de 2 m de largo con un di&#225;metro de 3 a 5 cm. Las estacas deben ser rectas para que sirvan de tutores para la pimienta.</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#65" height="235" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="9917" uniqueID="element899" x="197" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1.3 &#160; &#160; &#160;Propagaci&#243;n de la flemingia</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Las semillas de flemingia sin tratamiento tienen una baja germinaci&#243;n. El tratamiento para mejorar la germinaci&#243;n consiste en dejar las semillas por 24 horas en agua fr&#237;a.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Se coloca las semillas con distancias de 5 cm x 10 cm en cajas de germinaci&#243;n. Las semillas germinan a las 3 semanas. Cuando las pl&#225;ntulas tienen un tama&#241;o de 10 cm, se realiza el repique a fundas de 8 cm x 12 cm llenas con materia org&#225;nica bien descompuesta.&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Tambi&#233;n se puede propagar la flemingia por estacas, para lo cual se corta tallos maduros de 30 cm de largo y se pone en platabandas para su enraizamiento hasta que broten las yemas. Cuando los brotes alcanzan de 30 a 40 cm de altura, se puede plantar en los sitios definitivos a ra&#237;z desnuda.</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#75" height="631" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="11413" uniqueID="element900" x="194" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">2.3 &#160; &#160; Hoyada</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Para la plantaci&#243;n de la pimienta se prepara hoyos de 10 cm de largo por 10 cm de ancho y 20 cm de profundidad.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Para las plantas de gliricidia y flemingia, que producen ra&#237;ces pivotantes, los hoyos deben ser de 20 cm de largo por 20 cm de ancho y 40 cm de profundidad.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">2.4 &#160; &#160; Formaci&#243;n de caballetes</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Especialmente en terrenos planos donde existe riesgo de encharcamiento, es necesaria la formaci&#243;n de caballetes de aproximadamente 20 cm de altura, con la finalidad de que las ra&#237;ces y la parte basal de las plantas de pimienta, permanezcan siempre en un suelo suelto y bien aireado y no sean susceptibles de pudrici&#243;n por exceso de humedad.&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">3. &#160; &#160; Plantaci&#243;n y siembra</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">3.1 &#160; &#160; Plantaci&#243;n de la pimienta, gliricidia&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;y flemingia</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">La pimienta se planta encima de los caballetes y la gliricidia, como tutor vivo (estacas), al lado del caballete. Inicialmente el tallo principal de la pimienta debe ser sujetado al tutor con tiras de tela fina o fibras vegetales.&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Para la plantaci&#243;n de pimienta y flemingia se realiza los siguientes pasos:</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183; &#160; &#160; Distribuir las plantas en los sitios definitivos.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183; &#160; &#160; Retirar la funda de polietileno de las plantas.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183; &#160; &#160; Colocar la planta en el hoyo, el cuello dela planta debe quedar a nivel del suelo.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183; &#160; &#160; Cubrir el resto del hoyo con la tierra que hab&#237;a sido extra&#237;da.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183; &#160; &#160; Compactar bien, para evitar que queden c&#225;maras de aire junto a las ra&#237;ces.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183; &#160; &#160; Recolectar las fundas de polietileno para reciclar (no quemar).</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#77" height="469" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="14140" uniqueID="element901" x="197" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1.3 &#160; &#160; Fertilizaci&#243;n</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">La pimienta responde muy bien a fertilizaciones con abono org&#225;nico, que se aplica como compost o mulch; por lo tanto adem&#225;s del material proveniente de la gliricidia y flemingia, se necesita aplicar aproximadamente 5 kilos de compost por a&#241;o y por planta. Para estimular la floraci&#243;n se debe aplicar 4 veces al a&#241;o, 1 Kg de abono foliar/ha, por ejemplo N-P-K 10-40-10.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Se recomienda tambi&#233;n aplicar 30 g de cal agr&#237;cola por planta, 4 veces por a&#241;o. La cal, que sirve como nutriente, debe ser colocada alrededor de la planta de pimienta a una distancia de 10 cm de tallo.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">2. &#160; &#160; &#160;Manejo de la gliricidia</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Para controlar la sombra y aportar abono verde a la pimienta, hay que podar la gliricidia cada seis a ocho semanas con una tijera de podar. Siempre hay que dejar algunas ramas largas para mantener una sombra moderada y evitar que la pimienta ahogue a la gliricidia.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">El material podado se coloca alrededor de las plantas de pimienta, para que forme un mulch, se descomponga y nutra el cultivo.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">3. &#160; &#160; &#160;Manejo de la flemingia</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">La flemingia se poda por primera vez despu&#233;s de 4 meses de haber sido plantada. Para generar un alto rendimiento de biomasa se recomienda un intervalo entre podas de 90 a 120 d&#237;as. La poda se realiza a una altura de corte de 35 cm.&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
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<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#59-1" height="19" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="12367" uniqueID="element906" x="302" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="315" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="center" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="8" href="" link_target="">Flemingia como abono verde</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="8" href="" link_target="">Foto: CODESO</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="10pt" href="" link_target="">&#160;</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#59-2" height="18" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="13577" uniqueID="element908" x="332" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="315" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="center" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="10" href="" link_target="">Pimienta negra &#160; &#160; &#160;Foto: CODESO</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="10" href="" link_target="">&#160;</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
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<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#59-3" height="18" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="12831" uniqueID="element910" x="487" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="315" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="center" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="10" href="" link_target="">Gliricidia como tutor &#160; &#160; Foto: CODESO</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="10" href="" link_target="">&#160;</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#51-1" height="18" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="6316" uniqueID="element912" x="430" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="115" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="center" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Microclima</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#51-2" height="18" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="6147" uniqueID="element913" x="434" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="115" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="center" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Clima</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#29" height="361" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="18257" uniqueID="element916" x="194" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">H. &#160; &#160; Infraestructura, equipos,&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;herramientas e insumos</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1. &#160; &#160; Infraestructura</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Secadora&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">No es recomendable secar la pimienta al aire libre, pues puede contaminarse f&#225;cilmente con hongos, lo que influye negativamente en la calidad del producto. Por lo tanto es indispensable tener una secadora. En una secadora a gas son suficientes 12 horas de secado para bajar el contenido de humedad al 10%.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Bodega&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">La pimienta es un producto de alto valor, por lo tanto es conveniente que sea almacenada en una bodega segura hasta la venta.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">2. &#160; &#160; Equipos, herramientas e insumos</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Para los diferentes trabajos de establecimiento y manejo de la plantaci&#243;n, cosecha y postcosecha, se necesita los siguientes equipos, herramientas e insumos: machete, pico, pala, tijera de poda, tela o fibras vegetales (para el amarre), bomba de fumigar, abono foliar, bandejas, barriles de pl&#225;stico, balanza, bolsas de polietileno, fertilizantes qu&#237;micos, cal agr&#237;cola y zarandas.</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#30-6" height="325" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="16994" uniqueID="element917" x="194" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">G. &#160; &#160; Producci&#243;n, cosecha y postcosecha&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1. &#160; &#160; Producci&#243;n, cosecha y postcosecha &#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; de la pimienta</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1.1 &#160; &#160; Producci&#243;n y cosecha&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">La primera cosecha empieza despu&#233;s que la planta ha terminado su ciclo de podas, es decir a los 2 a&#241;os. Para la producci&#243;n de la pimienta negra se cosecha solamente los racimos cuyas primeras bayas se han formado rojizas.&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">A partir del tercer a&#241;o se cosecha 29 qq de pimienta fresca/ha/mes (343 qq/ha/a&#241;o). El peso seco representa un 35% del peso fresco; por lo que se tiene una producci&#243;n anual de 120 qq de pimienta seca/ha.&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Bien manejada la pimienta produce por m&#225;s de 10 a&#241;os. En los 8 a&#241;os productivos que se calcula en el flujo de caja, se estima que se puede cosechar 2.743 qq de pimienta fresca/ha, lo que seco da 960 qq/ha.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#12" height="1693" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="18673" uniqueID="element918" x="194" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">I. &#160; &#160; An&#225;lisis Econ&#243;mico</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1. &#160; &#160; Flujo de caja (Ver Anexo N&#176; 1)</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">2. &#160; &#160; Ingreso, egresos (inversi&#243;n, costos&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; directos e indirectos)</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">2.1 &#160; &#160; Ingresos&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Con la venta de la pimienta se obtiene ingresos brutos anuales de 20.869.565 US$/ha; los cuales en los 8 a&#241;os productivos considerados en el flujo de caja, suman 166.956.522 US$/ha.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">2.2 &#160; &#160; Egresos</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">El valor total de los egresos en el per&#237;odo de 10 a&#241;os por hect&#225;rea es de -17.474, dividido en tres grandes rubros:</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183;</Segment><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Inversiones &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; 750 US$</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183;</Segment><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Costos directos &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;15.105 US$</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183;</Segment><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Costos indirectos &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; 1.619 US$</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160;-------------------------------------------------------------</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Total &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">17.474 US$</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">2.2.1 &#160; &#160; Inversiones&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Las inversiones est&#225;n conformadas por:</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183;</Segment><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Una quinta parte de la secadora a gas &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;152 US$</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183;</Segment><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Una quinta parte de la bodega</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">217 US$</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183;</Segment><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">10 barriles pl&#225;sticos &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; 261 US$</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183;</Segment><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">5 zarandas &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;54 US$</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183;</Segment><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Una quinta parte de la bomba de fumigar &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;22 US$</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183;</Segment><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Una quinta parte de la balanza &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;43 US$</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160;------------------------------------------------------------</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Total &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">750 US$</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Para la secadora, bodega, bomba de fumigar y balanza se calcula una quinta parte del valor total porque pueden ser utilizadas para otros productos de la finca.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">El valor de la tierra no se toma en cuenta en las inversiones ni en los costos. Se asume que el finquero tiene tierra disponible para dedicarla a los cultivos del presente m&#243;dulo.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">2.2.2 &#160; &#160; Costos directos</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Estos costos suman un total de 15.105 US$/ha en 10 a&#241;os y est&#225;n constituidos por los siguientes rubros:</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183;</Segment><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Establecimiento del m&#243;dulo &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;2.836 US$</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183;</Segment><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Manejo del m&#243;dulo &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; 6.634 US$</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="right" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183;</Segment><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; 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&#160; &#160;Beneficio</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">El flujo de caja en el per&#237;odo de 10 a&#241;os, registra ingresos brutos por venta de pimienta negra de 166.956.522 US$/ha, y egresos por concepto de inversiones, costos directos e indirectos de -17.474 US$/ha.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">La diferencia entre los ingresos y los egresos da un beneficio de 149.482 US$/ha en 10 a&#241;os.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">4. &#160; 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&#160; Per&#237;odo de recuperaci&#243;n de los&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; egresos</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Los egresos se recupera en el a&#241;o 3, cuando el saldo acumulado es de 14.021.987 US$/ha.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">7. &#160; &#160; &#160;Punto de equilibrio</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">El punto de equilibrio es el valor para el cual el ingreso acumulado por venta de la pimienta se iguala con el egreso acumulado realizado en las diferentes actividades que demanda el m&#243;dulo.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">En este m&#243;dulo, el punto de equilibrio se alcanza cuando el ingreso acumulado es igual a 6.847.578 US$, en el a&#241;o 3.</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#62-3" height="289" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="17362" uniqueID="element919" x="194" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1.2 &#160; &#160; Postcosecha</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1.2.1 &#160; &#160; Secado</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Inmediatamente despu&#233;s de la cosecha, se suelta los granos de la pimienta del ped&#250;nculo. Los granos deben ser secados hasta bajar el contenido de humedad a m&#225;s o menos 10 %. Para esto se recomienda utilizar una secadora a gas (80 &#186; C).</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1.2.2 &#160; &#160; Limpieza</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Cuando la pimienta est&#225; seca, los granos deben ser liberados de impurezas como hojas, piedras y basuras, utilizando zarandas de malla met&#225;lica (trama 2 mm), para luego ser almacenados herm&#233;ticamente hasta la venta.&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1.2.3 &#160; &#160; Almacenamiento</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">Una vez pesada, la pimienta seca y libre de impurezas debe ser almacenada en barriles pl&#225;sticos, para que el producto no se humedezca. De esta manera el producto puede ser almacenado por varios meses.&#160;</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#66" height="19" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="18171" uniqueID="element920" x="482" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="315" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="center" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="8" href="" link_target="">Secador con calefacci&#243;n a gas</Segment><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="8" href="" link_target="">CODESO</Segment></Paragraph></Element><?property ignore-whitespace="true"?>    
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<?property ignore-whitespace="false"?><Element groupID="" name="Text#31" height="631" bgcolor="" deletable="" type="Text" border-color="#000000" y="22055" uniqueID="element922" x="194" templateID="" padding="0" locked="" width="600" border-width="0" editable="true" sizePositionLocked="false"><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">L. &#160; &#160; Fuentes de informaci&#243;n</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">1. &#160; &#160; Fuentes de literatura</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183;</Segment><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">EMBRAPA. 1996. 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D.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183;</Segment><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">BRIGHAM, E y PAPPAS, J. 1978. Econom&#237;a y Administraci&#243;n. Segunda Edici&#243;n. Interamericana. M&#233;xico.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183;</Segment><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">INIAP - GTZ. 1997. Memoria del seminario taller de experiencias agroforestales en la regi&#243;n amaz&#243;nica ecuatoriana. Napo - Payamino.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183;</Segment><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">LEON, J. 1987. Bot&#225;nica de los cultivos tropicales. Segunda edici&#243;n. Instituto Interamericano de Cooperaci&#243;n Para la Agricultura - IICA. San Jos&#233;. Costa Rica.</Segment></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target=""/></Paragraph><Paragraph align="justify" style="none" indent="0"><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#183;</Segment><Segment font-style="bold" color="#000000" underline="false" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">&#160; &#160; &#160;</Segment><Segment font-style="plain" color="#000000" underline="" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" href="" link_target="">MAISTRE, J. 1986. Les plantes a &#233;pices. 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